Kotlin 面试问题

Kotlin是JetBrains最新的JVM编程语言,谷歌已经将其作为Android开发和Java的官方语言,开发人员说它解决了Java编程中面临的问题,我写了很多Kotlin教程,在这里我提供重要的Kotlin采访问题。

Kotlin 面试问题

在这里,我提供 Kotlin 面试问题和答案,这将帮助您在您的 Kotlin 面试中。这些 Kotlin 面试问题对初学者和经验丰富的程序员都很好。

1. What's the Target Platform of Kotlin? How is Kotlin-Java interoperability possible?

   Java Virtual Machine(JVM) is the Target Platform of Kotlin. Kotlin is 100% interoperable with Java since both, on compilation produce bytecode. Hence Kotlin code can be called from Java and vice-versa.

2. How do you declare variables in Kotlin? How does the declaration differ from the Java counterpart?

   There are two major differences between Java and Kotlin variable declaration:- The type of declaration In Java the declaration look like this: String s = "Java String"; int x = 10;In Kotlin the declaration looks like:val s: String = "Hi" var x = 5In Kotlin, the declaration begins with a val and a var followed by the optional type. Kotlin can automatically detect the type using type inference.

   • Default value The following is possible in Java:

     1String s:
     2```The following variable declaration in Kotlin is not valid.```
     3val s: String
     

3. What's the difference between val and var declaration? How to convert a String to an Int?

   val variables cannot be changed. They're like final modifiers in Java. A var can be reassigned. The reassigned value must be of the same data type.fun main(args: Array<String>) { val s: String = "Hi" var x = 5 x = "6".toInt() }We use the toInt() method to convert the String to an Int.

4. What's Null Safety and Nullable Types in Kotlin? What is the Elvis Operator?

   Kotlin puts a lot of weight behind null safety which is an approach to prevent the dreaded Null Pointer Exceptions by using nullable types which are like String?, Int?, Float? etc. These act as a wrapper type and can hold null values. A nullable value cannot be added to another nullable or basic type of value. To retrieve the basic types we need to use safe calls that unwrap the Nullable Types. If on unwrapping, the value is null we can choose to ignore or use a default value instead. The Elvis Operator is used to safely unwrap the value from the Nullable. It's represented as ?: over the nullable type. The value on the right hand side would be used if the nullable type holds a null.``` var str: String? = "JournalDev.com" var newStr = str?: "Default Value" str = null newStr = str?: "Default Value"

5. What's a const? How does it differ from a val?

   By default val properties are set at runtime. Adding a const modifier on a val would make a compile-time constant. A const cannot be used with a var or on its own. A const is not applicable on a local variable.

6. Does Kotlin allow us to use primitive types such as int, float, double?

   At the language level, we cannot use the above-mentioned types. But the JVM bytecode that's compiled does certainly have them.

7. What's the entry point of every Kotlin Program?

   The main function is the entry point of every Kotlin program. In Kotlin we can choose not to write the main function inside the class. On compiling the JVM implicitly encapsulates it in a class. The strings passed in the form of Array<String> are used to retrieve the command line arguments.

8. How is !!different from ?. in unwrapping the nullable values? Is there any other way to unwrap nullable values safely?

   !! is used to force unwrap the nullable type to get the value. If the value returned is a null, it would lead to a runtime crash. Hence a !! operator should be only used when you're absolutely sure that the value won't be null at all. Otherwise, you'll get the dreaded null pointer exception. On the other hand, a ?. is an Elvis Operator that does a safe call. We can use the lambda expression let on the nullable value to unwrap safely as shown below. Here the let expression does a safe call to unwrap the nullable type.

9. How is a function declared? Why are Kotlin functions known as top-level functions?

   1fun sumOf(a: Int, b: Int): Int{
   2    return a + b
   3}
   4```A function's return type is defined after the `:` Functions in Kotlin can be declared at the root of the Kotlin file.
   

10. What's the difference between == and === operators in Kotlin?

    == is used to compare the values are equal or not. === is used to check if the references are equal or not.

11. List down the visibility modifiers available in Kotlin. What's the default visibility modifier?

    • public
    • internal
    • protected
    • private public is the default visibility modifier.

12. Does the following inheritance structure compile?

     1class A{
     2}
     3
     4class B : A(){
     5
     6}
     7```**NO**. By default classes are final in Kotlin. To make them non-final, you need to add the `open` modifier.```
     8open class A{
     9}
    10
    11class B : A(){
    12
    13}
    

13. What are the types of constructors in Kotlin? How are they different? How do you define them in your class?

    Constructors in Kotlin are of two types: Primary - These are defined in the class headers. They cannot hold any logic. There's only one primary constructor per class. Secondary - They're defined in the class body. They must delegate to the primary constructor if it exists. They can hold logic. There can be more than one secondary constructors.``` class User(name: String, isAdmin: Boolean){

    constructor(name: String, isAdmin: Boolean, age: Int) :this(name, isAdmin) { this.age = age }

    }

14. What's init block in Kotlin

    init is the initialiser block in Kotlin. It's executed once the primary constructor is instantiated. If you invoke a secondary constructor, then it works after the primary one as it is composed in the chain.

15. How does string interpolation work in Kotlin? Explain with a code snippet?

    String interpolation is used to evaluate string templates. We use the symbol $ to add variables inside a string.val name = "Journaldev.com" val desc = "$name now has Kotlin Interview Questions too. ${name.length}"Using {} we can compute an expression too.

16. What's the type of arguments inside a constructor?

    By default, the constructor arguments are val unless explicitly set to var.

17. Is new a keyword in Kotlin? How would you instantiate a class object in Kotlin?

    NO. Unlike Java, in Kotlin, new isn't a keyword. We can instantiate a class in the following way:``` class A var a = A() val new = A()

18. What is the equivalent of switch expression in Kotlin? How does it differ from switch?

    when is the equivalent of switch in Kotlin. The default statement in a when is represented using the else statement.``` var num = 10 when (num) { 0..4 -> print("value is 0") 5 -> print("value is 5") else -> { print("value is in neither of the above.") } } ````when` statments have a default break statement in them.

19. What are data classes in Kotlin? What makes them so useful? How are they defined?

    In Java, to create a class that stores data, you need to set the variables, the getters and the setters, override the toString(), hash() and copy() functions. In Kotlin you just need to add the data keyword on the class and all of the above would automatically be created under the hood.``` data class Book(var name: String, var authorName: String)

    fun main(args: Array) { val book = Book("Kotlin Tutorials","Anupam") } ```Thus, data classes saves us with lot of code. It creates component functions such as component1().. componentN() for each of the variables.

20. What are destructuring declarations in Kotlin? Explain it with an example.

    Destructuring Declarations is a smart way to assign multiple values to variables from data stored in objects/arrays. Within paratheses, we've set the variable declarations. Under the hood, destructuring declarations create component functions for each of the class variables.

21. What's the difference between inline and infix functions? Give an example of each.

    Inline functions are used to save us memory overhead by preventing object allocations for the anonymous functions/lambda expressions called. Instead, it provides that functions body to the function that calls it at runtime. This increases the bytecode size slightly but saves us a lot of memory. infix functions on the other are used to call functions without parentheses or brackets. Doing so, the code looks much more like a natural language.

22. What's the difference between lazy and lateinit?

    Both are used to delay the property initializations in Kotlin lateinit is a modifier used with var and is used to set the value to the var at a later point. lazy is a method or rather say lambda expression. It's set on a val only. The val would be created at runtime when it's required.``` val x: Int by lazy { 10 } lateinit var y: String

23. How to create Singleton classes?

    To use the singleton pattern for our class we must use the keyword object```` object MySingletonClass ```An object` cannot have a constructor set. We can use the init block inside it though.

24. Does Kotlin have the static keyword? How to create static methods in Kotlin?

    NO. Kotlin doesn't have the static keyword. To create static method in our class we use the companion object. Following is the Java code:class A { public static int returnMe() { return 5; } }The equivalent Kotlin code would look like this:class A { companion object { fun a() : Int = 5 } }To invoke this we simply do: A.a().

25. What's the type of the following Array?

    1val arr = arrayOf(1, 2, 3);
    2```The type is Array<Int>.
    

这是Kotlin采访的所有问题和答案。