在数据库没有启动之前,数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的。
口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令,允许用户通过口令文件验证,在数据库未启动之前登陆,从而启动数据库。
如果没有口令文件,在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.
使用Rman,很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理
所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组,可以通过操作系统认证登陆
如果是远程sysdba登陆,需要通过passwordfile认证.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE
此时停用口令文件验证,Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录
无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理
local:
>
> [oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
>
> SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004
>
> Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
>
>
> Connected to:
> Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
> With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
> JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
>
> SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
>
> User altered.
>
> SQL> show parameter pass
>
> NAME TYPE VALUE
> --------------------- ----------- ------------------------------
> remote_login_passwordfile string NONE
>
>
remote:
>
> E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
> >
> > SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 -
> Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004
> >
> > Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle
> Corporation. All rights reserved.
> >
> > SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as
> sysdba
> > ERROR:
> > ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
> >
> >
此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
>
> SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
>
> System altered.
>
> SQL> startup force;
> ORACLE instance started.
>
> Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
> Fixed Size 451576 bytes
> Variable Size 104857600 bytes
> Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
> Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
> Database mounted.
> Database opened.
> SQL> show parameter pass
>
> NAME TYPE VALUE
> ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
> remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE
> SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;
>
> User altered.
>
>
remote:
>
> E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
> >
> > SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 -
> Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004
> >
> > Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle
> Corporation. All rights reserved.
> >
> > SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as
> sysdba
> > 已连接。
> > SQL> show user
> > USER 为"SYS"
> > SQL>
> >
这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的
3.进一步测试
如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证,也就无法登陆数据库
Server:
> SQL> !
> [oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf
> orapwhsjf
> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
> [oracle@jumper dbs]$
>
>
Remote:
> E:\Oracle\ora92\bin>sqlplus /nolog
>
> SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004
>
> Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
>
> SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
> ERROR:
> ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
>
>
> SQL>
>
>
这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份
4.如果丢失了passwdfile
如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失,此时将不能启动数据库
>
>
> SQL> startup force;
> ORACLE instance started.
>
> Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
> Fixed Size 451576 bytes
> Variable Size 104857600 bytes
> Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
> Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
> ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'
> ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
> Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
> Additional information: 3
>
>
>
此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决
此处我们恢复口令文件既可
> SQL> !
> [oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
> [oracle@jumper oracle]$ exit
> exit
>
> SQL> alter database open;
>
> Database altered.
>
> SQL>
>
>
>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:
SHARED
More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS
> SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
>
> USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
> ------------------------------ ----- -----
> SYS TRUE TRUE
>
> SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
> grant sysdba to eygle
> *
> ERROR at line 1:
> ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
>
>
> SQL> show parameter password
>
> NAME TYPE VALUE
> ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
> remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
>
>
>
我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.
很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw
1<sid>,怎么能够共享?
2
3实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件
4如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.
5
6我们看一下测试:
7
8>
9> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
10>
11> SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004
12>
13> Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
14>
15>
16> Connected to:
17> Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
18> With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
19> JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production
20>
21> SQL> shutdown immediate
22> Database closed.
23> Database dismounted.
24> ORACLE instance shut down.
25> SQL> !
26> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls
27> hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora
28> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
29> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit
30> exit
31>
32> SQL> startup
33> ORACLE instance started.
34>
35> Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
36> Fixed Size 451236 bytes
37> Variable Size 201326592 bytes
38> Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
39> Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
40> ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--这是最后查找的文件
41> ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
42> Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
43> Additional information: 3
44>
45>
46>
47>
48>
49
50---
51
52我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.
53
54>
55> SQL> !
56> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls
57> hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora
58> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw
59> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit
60> exit
61>
62> SQL> alter database open;
63>
64> Database altered.
65>
66> SQL> show parameter passw
67>
68> NAME TYPE VALUE
69> ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
70> remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
71> SQL>
72
73---
74
75那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?
76
77我们继续这个实验:
78
79>
80> SQL> show parameter password
81>
82> NAME TYPE VALUE
83> \------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
84> remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
85>
86>
87> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
88> ]\\[Z
89> ORACLE Remote Password file
90> INTERNAL
91> AB27B53EDC5FEF41
92> 8A8F025737A9097A
93
94---
95
96注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令
97
98REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时
99
100>
101> SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
102>
103> System altered.
104>
105> SQL> startup force;
106> ORACLE instance started.
107>
108> Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
109> Fixed Size 451236 bytes
110> Variable Size 201326592 bytes
111> Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
112> Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
113> Database mounted.
114> Database opened.
115> SQL> !
116>
117> [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
118> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
119> ]\\[Z
120> ORACLE Remote Password file
121> HSJF
122> INTERNAL
123> AB27B53EDC5FEF41
124> 8A8F025737A9097A
125> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit
126> exit
127
128---
129
130注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例名称信息被写入口令文件.
131
132此时如果有其他实例以Exclusive模式启动仍然可以使用这个口令文件,口令文件中的实例名称同时被改写.
133
134也就是说,数据库只在启动过程中才读取口令文件,数据库运行过程中并不锁定该文件,类似于pfile/spfile文件.
135
136
137>
138> SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
139>
140> USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
141> \------------------------------ ----- -----
142> SYS TRUE TRUE
143>
144> SQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
145>
146> Grant succeeded.
147>
148> SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;
149>
150> USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
151> \------------------------------ ----- -----
152> SYS TRUE TRUE
153> EYGLE TRUE FALSE
154>
155> SQL> !
156> [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
157> [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
158> ]\\[Z
159> ORACLE Remote Password file
160> HSJF
161> INTERNAL
162> AB27B53EDC5FEF41
163> 8A8F025737A9097A
164> >EYGLE
165> B726E09FE21F8E83
166
167---
168
169
170注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户,并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.
171
172一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用户,此文件不再能够被其他Exclusive的实例共享.
173
174
175实际上,口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.
176
1776.重建口令文件
178
179如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件,语法如下:
180
181>
182> [oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwd
183> > Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users>
184>
185> where
186> file - name of password file (mand),
187> password - password for SYS (mand),
188> entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt),
189> There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
190
191---</users></password></fname></sid></sid>